Wednesday, December 14, 2016

What Ta-Nehisi Coates and White Supremacists Have in Common

NOTE:  I'm not sure I still agree with my own post here.  - Greg, 9/14/17

Earlier this year I penned some reflections on the National Book Award winner and Pulitzer Prize finalist memoir by Ta-Nehisi Coates entitled Between the World and Me.  With issues of race constantly providing the subtext behind headlines throughout the past several years, my choice to carefully consider the arguments and thoughts of the eloquent and now famous Mr. Coates was my own pitiful yet deliberate attempt to better understand what life in these United States must be like inside a black body.

Yet much of what I uncovered deeply troubled me as a Christian committed to the narrative of God's redemptive work in the world as revealed through the person of Jesus Christ.  Though Coates' book provides a much needed glimpse into the nature of life within black skin, it offers a profoundly anti-Christian solution to the problem of race in America:  violent resistance and endless struggle.  Critiquing the pacifist Christian thought of Martin Luther King Jr., Coates believes that blacks will never gain equality with whites by playing nice.  Sit-ins and acts of nonviolent resistance may make a certain amount of progress, but for complete equality violent overthrow of the systemic status quo can be the only solution.  
Ta-Nehisi Coates has become one of the
leading voices among black civil rights activists


Though the author does not state his aims quite as starkly as this, his solution to the inequality between races in America reveals itself in his mockery of Dr. King.  The arc of the universe, Coates retorts, doesn't bend toward justice! No, the universe that we encounter is purely "physical, and its moral arc [is] bent toward chaos then concluded in a box" (28). In contrast to Dr. King, Ta-Nehisi praises the violence and militant rhetoric of Malcolm X, writing, "If he hated, he hated because it was human for the enslaved to hate the enslaver, natural as Prometheus hating the birds.  He would not turn the other cheek for you.  He would not be a better man for you.  He would not be your morality" (36).  This is the activism of a man committed to a materialist understanding of the cosmos: There is no "God" and he will not "make right" all of the wrongs of our world.  If there is to be justice, it must be seized, not prayed for.  The oppressed cannot overcome violent oppressors while maintaining some semblance of a moral high ground since morality itself is a fiction created by the oppressors to maintain their power.

In short, Coates advises his son to abandon all hope of reconciliation.  The world has only ever known the law of the jungle:  either eat or be eaten.  In his most honest reflection on his nihilistic beliefs, the concerned father writes, "Perhaps struggle is all we have because the god of history is an atheist, and nothing about this world is meant to be... These are the preferences of the universe itself: verbs over nouns, actions over states, struggle over hope" (71).  Coates believes solely in struggle and the eternal recurrence of the same. Black power vs. white power -- these two can no more be reconciled than can a lion and a lamb.

Interestingly, this is precisely the worldview and ethical reasoning embraced by white supremacists. Since the election of Donald Trump, the hate-mongerers seem to be emerging from their caves.  The so-called "Alt-Right," a euphemism for white supremacists, are no longer consigned to obscure corners of the internet; rather, now they are giving interviews on NPR and other national news outlets.  Indeed, the new chief strategist and Senior Counselor to President-elect Donald Trump, Stave Bannon, has acted as one of the spearheads of this movement for years, according to many watchdog groups.


Jared Taylor in 2008
Perhaps the most vocal and prominent white supremacist today, Jared Taylor, openly posits that peaceful co-existence (let alone reconciliation!) between peoples of different races has proven itself throughout human history to be an impossibility.  Political power, according to Taylor, is a zero-sum game.  That is, if blacks or latinos or any other non-white group gain a certain amount of political power, they attain it only by forcibly removing it from whites.  Taylor's solution, therefore, is to create a completely white nation that excludes all other peoples from entry.  His message is simple: "Unless whites are prepared to exclude people [of color], then they will be shoved aside. ...I will fight [for segregation] until my last breath" (Quote is from an interview with Jorge Ramos in his documentary Hate Rising, which can be viewed here).

For Taylor, as with Ta-Nehisi Coates, beings exist by nature human in a state of struggle, competition, and violence.  If power and influence is to be gained or maintained, then it must come at the expense of "the other."  Put simply, Coates and Taylor agree on this: racial reconciliation is a pipe dream, a utopian fantasy that will never and can never be achieved.  The strong eat the weak.  And it is always, obviously, better to be among the strong.  

Christians stand opposed to both Coates' violence and Taylor's violence.  We who follow the Crucified God, who place our trust in the One who is making all things right, and who believe that one day the kingdom of God will descend upon this earth, bringing about the miracle of reconciliation between black and white, lion and lamb -- we of all people must devote our lives, our reputations, and our resources solely to the cause of reconciliation.  Though undoubtedly Christians are taught to stand in solidarity with the marginalized and oppressed, meaning that the cause of Ta-Nehisi Coates may be embraced at least in part (and Taylor's completely rejected), the identity politics and inherent violence of both must be rejected.  Christians live according to a new pattern, a pattern that foreshadows the shalom of God's perfect reign which was revealed momentarily in the person of Christ and will be revealed eternally in us all at the eschaton.

The real division emerging within our society today is not between the conservatives and liberals, the urban and the rural, the educated and uneducated, the white-collar and blue-collar worker, or the religious and the secular; rather the real division is between those who promote reconciliation and those who, committed to their own identity politics, accept (even promote!) division and animosity as a permanent, immutable state of affairs.  Those who claim to follow in the way of Jesus know where they must stand.

Sunday, December 11, 2016

Interview with Anne Stewart

Click on the link below to hear my interview with Miss Anne Stewart, a remarkable woman who grew up in segregated Mississippi and fled for her life to the southside of Chicago in the 1950s. Anne has been instrumental in the civil rights movement in the Chicago area as well as deeply involved in intentional Christian community at the Reba Place Fellowship in Evanston, Illinois. I hope that you enjoy her story.

First Interview

Thursday, October 27, 2016

Apostolic Succession

I have recently been geeking out about the issue of apostolic succession since reading a blog post about the Methodist connection to the universal church.  This recent investigation began when my father asked me for resources about the theology of ordination, a part of Christian tradition that recent American evangelicals have unfortunately neglected and left misunderstood.  This blog post is, in part, my own attempt to revive and spread an understanding of this historic practice which dates back to the time of Jesus Christ and the apostles.  It's also my own little tribute to those who've gone before me.

Below is the Apostolic line that lead to me, in reverse order.

Gregory R. Coates ordained in 2010 by David W. Kendall











David W. Kendall ordained in 1982 by Robert F. Andrews
Dr. Kendall was elected as one of three bishops in the Free Methodist Church - USA in 2005 where he still serves.  I met David Kendall as a high school student when he pastored the McPherson (KS) FMC.  I was close friends with his daughter, Charis.  Bishop Kendall combines a sharp mind (he has a Ph. D. in New Testament) with a warm pastoral heart and a deep passion for the kingdom of God.
















Robert F. Andrews ordained in 1955* by Edward C. John
Bishop Andrews (1927-2014) was known for his baritone voice and deep love for both church and family. He served as a pastor in both Kansas and Indiana as well as hosted a nationally-syndicated radio show created by Free Methodists known as the Light and Life Hour.  In fact, you can even listen to one of these old recordings here!  His radio sermons were later published in a book called When You Need a Friend in 1979.

Edward C. John ordained in 1936* by Robert H. Warren
E. C. John served as a Free Methodist missionary to Japan shortly after the end of World War II to reorganize the Free Methodist presence there. He served as Free Methodist bishop from 1961 to 1974 and died in 2005.  His address to the General Conference of 1969 can be heard here.  Edward John was originally a businessman who entered into the ministry later in life.  He graduated from Pennsylvania State University (B.A.) and Michigan State (graduate).


Robert H. Warren ordained in 1894 by Wilson T. Hogue
Robert Warren was born in Colorado as an only child in 1876.  Sensing a call to preach at the age of 18, he served as a pastor in many regions of the Midwest as well as in Southern California.  Warren was elected bishop of the Free Methodist Church of North America in 1935.  Unable to fulfill his entire term, Warren died of leukemia in September of 1938.  Warren preached his final sermon, titled "The Things that Remain," in Spring Arbor, Michigan and those who heard it "wept and rejoiced as the bishop made [the listeners] see the stability of God's throne, His Word, and His power to save, cleanse and keep to the end" (Blews, Master Workmen, ch. 13).  We would know little about his life, had it not been preserved by Richard Blews in his book Master Workmen.
























Wilson T. Hogue ordained in 1873 by E. P. Hart
Wilson Hogue, one of the most important bishops in Free Methodist history, was born in 1852, elected bishop in 1903, and died in 1920. During this time, Hogue embraced theological premillennialism (in disagreement with B. T. Roberts) and led the FMC in the direction of fundamentalism during the Fundamentalist-Modernism Controversy of the early 20th century.  His parents being Scottish-English Methodists who were discipled in the Methodist Episcopal Church's class meetings, Hogue was a life-long advocate for the spiritual value of accountability.  In 1915 Hogue published a two-volume history of the FMC, a valuable historical document, and founded Greenville College in Illinois (my alma mater!), serving as its first president.




















Edward Payson Hart ordained in 1863 by B. T. Roberts

Born in mountainous Vermont in 1835, the Hart family moved to northern Illinois during Edward's teens.  E. P. was converted as the result of a 1858 revival meeting held in Marengo, IL by the fiery preacher John Wesley Redfield.  Since his charismatic worship style and fervor for holiness offended some of the other Methodist Episcopal clergy in the area, when Hart learned of Roberts' expulsion from the MEC, he joined the newly formed Free Methodist Church.  In 1881, Hart and his wife Martha moved to the west coast and are largely responsible for the FMC presence there to this day.  Hart's life as been recounted in a book by John Kulaga, Provost at Asbury University in Kentucky.


















B. T. Roberts ordained in 1852 by Thomas Morris
The founder of the Free Methodist Church (to which I belong), Roberts was excluded from the Methodist Episcopal Church against his will in 1860 for arguing vociferously against the practice of pew rental, the increasing respectability of the Methodist Church, and abandoning the Wesleyan message of entire sanctification.  Roberts was also a strong proponent of ordaining women and, indeed, wrote a book by that very title.  He also opposed worldly associations such as Free Masonry and sought to recover a simpler, more earnest form of Christianity.  The Methodist Episcopal Church claims to have excluded him for insubordination, but Free Methodists like myself maintain that he was forced out against his will because he spoke truth to power.
















Thomas Morris ordained in 1820 by Robert R. Roberts
Growing up a skeptic within a Baptist home, Thomas Morris was drafted into the War of 1812, but his family paid for a poorer man to serve as his replacement.  Converted by the Methodists in 1813, Morris was ordained elder in 1820 and supposedly rode on horseback some 5,500 miles preaching in the Ohio area.  He became bishop in 1836 and also served as the editor of the Western Christian Advocate, a very important Christian periodical in its day.
















Robert Richford Roberts ordained in 1808 by Francis Asbury
Robert Roberts was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816 shortly after the death of Francis Asbury, who had died en route to the General Conference held that year.  He was the first married man to be elected to this office.  Asbury described him as a "good preacher blessed by God" who left the "people pleased." (Wigger, American Saint, 378).  He also founded Indiana Asbury University, which is now known as DePauw University, in Greencastle, Indiana.  Roberts Park UMC in downtown Indianapolis is named after him.
















Francis Asbury was ordained in 1784 by Thomas Coke
Francis Asbury, rightly known as the Father of American Methodism, is one of the most significant and yet overlooked figures in American religious history.  Appointed by John Wesley to serve in the British colonies as one of his representatives, Asbury arrived in 1771 and stayed in America until his death in 1816.  His tireless proclamation of the good news, warm spirit, friendly demeanor, and indefatigable willingness to travel through any weather in good or ill health is largely the reason that Methodism became America's largest Protestant denomination shortly after his death.  His biographer John Wigger (a fantastic book!) claims that at the height of his ministry he was the most recognizable figure in America, save only George Washington.  I could write so much more!  But I will leave it at that...

















Thomas Coke ordained by John Wesley and appointed superintended in 1784
Coke may rightly be called the first ever "Methodist Bishop."  Here's how.  His predecessor, John Wesley, was both the father of the Methodist movement and a committed Anglican priest.  But as Methodism grew in the British colonies in America, Wesley faced a major dilemma.  Many of the newly converted Methodists needed to be served the sacraments of baptism and communion, yet these people did not live in a place accessible to an Anglican church.  Appalled to learn that some Methodist lay people were actually serving communion -- an act that Wesley condemned strongly, saying in 1760 that "he would rather commit murder than administer the Lord's Supper without ordination" -- Wesley knew he needed to act.  However, according to hundreds of years of church tradition, only a bishop is allowed to ordain.  Wesley, who was not a bishop, pleaded with the Anglican Bishop of London, asking him to ordain someone to serve in the colonies, but to no avail.  With no other alternatives, Wesley fell back upon his longstanding conviction, rooted in his reading of Scripture, that presbyters/elders of the church may also ordain if a bishop is unavailable.  Thus in 1784, Wesley ordained Thomas Coke and appointed him as a superintendent over the work in America.  Wesley didn't call Coke a "bishop" and was appalled when he later learned that Coke and Asbury were referring to themselves as such.  Nevertheless, this is how Coke came to be known as the first Methodist Bishop.

















John Wesley ordained in 1728 by John Potter
Here is where Methodism separates from the Church of England.  Wesley, a revivalist preacher, practical theologian, and spiritual reformer devoted to recovering earnest Christianity and the spirit of purity taught by the New Testament, lived his life faithfully as an Anglican priest and yet was conscious, by the end of his life, that Methodism was taking on a life of its own in other parts of the world due to circumstances beyond his control.  Wesley devoted his life to growing and discipling those followers of the Methodist movement he believed the Holy Spirit to be creating, especially following his "heart strangely warmed" experience at Aldersgate on May 24, 1738.

















Dr. John Potter ordained in 1715 by Dr. Baxter Tenison
Potter served as Bishop of Oxford from 1715 to 1737 during which time he ordained Wesley.  After the unexpected death of William Wake, he was made Archbishop of Canterbury where he served until his death in 1747.  He was a highly learned man who wrote on theology, mathematics, astronomy, and church governance.  















CHECK BACK LATER.  MORE TO COME!!!...


Dr. Baxter Tenison, 1701
Dr. Philip Tillotson, 1683
Niles Sancroft, 1658
William Laude, 1633
Kyle Abbot, 1610
Richard Bancroft, 1604
Mark Whitgift, 1577
Steven Grendall, 1575
Dr. Matthew Parker, 1559
Phillip Barlow, Bishop of London 1536
Thomas Cranmer, 1533
William Warham, 1503
Cardinal Morton, 1488
Cardinal Bourchier, 1469
Cardinal Kemp, 1452
Henry Chichele, 1413
James Abingdon, 1381
Simon Sudbury, 1367
Simon Langham, 1327
Walter Reynolds, 1313
Robert of Winchelsea, 1293
John Peckham, 1279
Robert Kilwardby, 1269
Boniface of Savoy, 1252
Edmund Rich, 1234
Richard Weathershed, 1230
Stephen Langton, 1205
Hubert Walter, 1197
Fitz-Jocelin, 1191
Reginal, 1183
Baldwin, 1178
Richard, 1170
Thomas Becket, 1162
Theobald, 1139
William de Corbeuil, 1122
Ralph d'Escures, 1109
St. Anselm, 1093
Wulfstan, 1064
Edmund, 1012
Elphege, 1006
Aelfric, 995
Sigeric, 990
Ethelgar, 988
Dunstan, 959
Odo, 941
Phlegmund, 890
Rufus, 859
Cuthbert, 814
Herefrid, 788
Egbert, 749
Ethelburh, 712
Theodore, 668
Deusdedit, 652
Justus, 635
Laurentius, 604
St. Augustine, 601
Aetherius, 591
Maximus Lyster, 587
St. Mark Pireu, 581
John, 562
Gregory II, 547
Linus, 532
St. Evarestus, 502
Christopher III, 485
Christopher II, 472
Timothy Eumenes, 468
Clement of Lyons, 436
Basil, 415
James, 413
St. Christopher, 394
Paul Anencletus "the Elder", 330
Mark Leuvian, 312
Pious Stephenas, 291
Andrew Meletius, 283
Gregory Antilas, 276
St. Matthias, 276
Philip Deoderus, 241
Maximus, 203
St. Nicomedian, 180
St. Irenaeus, 177
St. Polycrates, 175
Lucius, 156
Demetrius, 131
St. John the Elder, 113
St. Onesemus, 91
St. Timothy, 62
St. Paul the Apostle 
Jesus the Christ 

Friday, July 22, 2016

Open Letter to My Evangelical Friends

Friends and Family,

This is a friendly letter.  I mean that.  I know that sometimes in the past, I've posted things publicly that have been very critical of evangelical subculture and conservative politics, but I hope you'll permit me to speak candidly with you now, even if I have caused offense in the past.  As a Christian who grew up among evangelicals, I know your language and how you think.  I was raised among you and, within the circles that actually know how to properly define the term, I still self-identify as an “evangelical.” So I speak to you as a friend and as a brother.

Last night I watched with great alarm as Donald Trump took the stage to accept the Republican Party’s nomination for president.  Up until last night it had all seemed so distant and silly.  I laughed when Trump first announced his candidacy, with amusement I watched several of the GOP debates as Trump bullied the other candidates, I shook my head in disgust when he would say something particularly hateful, but all the while it seemed like it was a bad dream, a traveling carnival sideshow that would eventually pack up shop and leave town.  And last night as Donald Trump stood up in Cleveland to accept his nomination, it hit me – as perhaps it hit you – that this is real.  Trump isn’t going away. 

And it isn’t funny anymore.

I invite you to take a moment to separate yourself from all of the memes on social media, all of the bickering between Hillary-haters and Trump-haters, and all of the noise that floods our ears each day through the TV, radio, and Internet.  Our nation is at an important moment and it calls for some prayerful, sober reflection.  Do we really want this man to be our next president?  Does he really stand for the values that you and I hold dear as evangelicals?

I’m writing for only one reason: to beg you not to vote for Trump in November. 

When Trump met with Franklin Graham, James Dobson, and a number of other evangelical leaders several weeks ago, I was certain that these earnest men and women would see right through Trump’s façade, calling a spade and spade, and tell all of us that this whole evangelical-Trump alliance just wasn’t gonna work out.  Too many differences.  And when Graham and Co. took the airwaves after their little closed-door meeting, I was floored – perhaps like you were – at these leaders’ willingness to overlook his flaws, declare him to be a “baby Christian,” and to throw their support behind him.  The time has come to step up and say, “No!”  We will not compromise our allegiance to Christ for the sake of this hotheaded buffoon. 

Now I know that the alternative candidate isn’t a viable option to you and I am certainly not asking you to vote for Hillary.  Personally, I think she is untrustworthy and hopelessly corrupted by the Washington system.  I’m not asking you to hold your nose and consider voting for her.  Given the choices we have before us, I’m asking you not to vote at all.  Or, if you must vote, then vote for some third-party candidate.

In the 1930’s when a loud-mouthed demagogue in Germany was promising people that he would “Make Germany Great Again” and sweep his nation clean of undesirable ethnic groups, most of the Christians stood by in silence and tacit approval.  Most church leaders supported this new “law and order candidate” and they didn’t see any biblical or moral reason not to.  But a few saw through it, saying “Enough!”  Joining together, they created the Confessing Church, declaring their utter rejection of false ideologies, “as though the Church in human arrogance could place the Word and work of the Lord in the service of any arbitrarily chosen desires, purposes, and plans" (Barmen Declaration, 1934).

We need a Confessing Church movement today.  Will you join me in saying “no” to Trump this fall?  The Bible warns us about loud and arrogant men who would lead us astray.  “The fool rages and scoffs, and there is no peace.” (Prov. 29:9)

Last night Trump thanked “all the evangelicals” for winning him the nomination.  He shamefully joked about how he didn’t really deserve their support.  Even he knows it’s rather laughable that evangelicals might support him.  Let’s not allow him to give the same half-hearted thanks at his inauguration in January.  The world is watching.  We’ve already lost so much credibility.  What will we do now?

Tuesday, April 5, 2016

Coates on Coates: A Book Review of Between the World and Me

Hailed as one of the best books of 2015 and winner of the National Book Award, critics continue to heap approbations on the newest work of the critical race theorist and emerging black intellectual Ta-Nehisi Coates.  Written in the form of a letter to his fifteen year old son, Coates writes about what life in a black body is like in a world build upon the systematic enslavement and destruction of black bodies.  Though we are allowed to overhear this conversation between one black man and his son, it is clear that the real audience for this book is the white "race," a people Coates constantly refers to as "the Dreamers" due to their singularly undivided focus on attaining the American Dream -- an edifice that they have constructed by means of oppressing and (ab)using black bodies.  What is the Dream? "It is perfect houses with nice lawns.  It is Memorial Day cookouts, block associations, and driveways.  The Dream is treehouses and the Cub Scouts.  The Dream smells like peppermint and tastes like strawberry shortcake."  And, try as he might to attain the Dream, it remains ever inaccessible to his people because "the Dream rests on our backs, the bedding made from our bodies" (11).

Though deeply cynical and acerbic in its tone, Coates does powerfully communicate to the white reader many sharp insights into life and struggles of black women and men.  Coates exposes the ways in which large-scale systems -- legal policies, city districting and policing, cultural attitudes, and so on -- operate to disadvantage those with black skin.  Particularly insightful is Coates' recurring argument that the enslavement of black bodies was and is a profoundly physical act, not some abstract idea.  Racism destroys particular people with particular experiences, preferences, and characteristics.  This racism "is a visceral experience... it dislodges brains, blocks airways, rips muscles, extracts organs, cracks bones, breaks teeth" (10).  The insidious ideology of white supremacy possesses a foul taste, a rancid smell, and leaves dead bodies in its wake.  If Coates' highly emotive language feels like a punch in the gut, it does so for good reason.

Regrettably, Coates structures his argument in such a way that a white man like myself is denied permission to voice any disagreement lest I be charged with the crime of "privilege" or even "racism." (Nevermind the fact that as a black man Coates seems to know precisely what is going on in the white mind).  And though I plead guilty to the former, recognizing the way my social status has shaped my own perception of the world around me, I want to resist the latter label.  Likewise I reject the tendency ubiquitous among both the far left and the far right to deny certain people the right to dissent, to express reasoned disagreement, and to subject every idea to rigorous scrutiny.  If we cannot dialogue, after all, what hope do we have to arrive at even a modicum of understanding?  Yet this, it seems, is precisely what Coates considers to be impossible.  Rooted dogmatically in the Nietzschean ethic of "will to power," the author's arguments throughout the book assume that relations between whites and blacks must ever remain marked by struggle, conflict, and even violence.  Assuming that white people can change, that they might one day be anything other oppressors, that they will stop plundering black bodies for their own personal economic gain, Coates tells his son, is harmful idealism that distracts from the pragmatic, ongoing project of the struggle for black power.  In this world, one either eats or gets eaten.  And the Dreamers have been feasting on black flesh for far too long.

Given his rejection of theism and the uniquely Christian hope that the arc of the universe bends toward justice, it should not surprise us that Coates offers no suggestions for a way forward other than armed popular resistance.  Trashed as idealistic gas is the pacifism of Martin Luther King; in its place Coates seeks to revive the militant tactics of the Black Power Movement and the violent rhetoric of his hero Malcolm X ("If he hated, he hated because it was human for the enslaved to hate the enslaver, natural as Prometheus hating the birds.  He would not turn the other cheek for you.  He would not be a better man for you.  He would not be your morality") 36.  For this reason, Coates denigrates those heroes of "Black History Month" who staged sit-ins, marched for freedom, and "seemed to love the worst things in life -- love the dogs that rent their children apart, the tear gas that clawed at their lungs, the fire hoses that tore off their clothes and tumbled them into the streets" (32).  Nonviolent methods are lauded by whites because pacifism poses no genuine threat to white power, Coates cynically argues.  It is an oppressor's morality.  Besides, any willingness to suffer or die nonviolently for a cause depends upon the conviction that history is aiming at a particular end or telos.  Yet that is not the world we inhabit, according to the author.  Ridiculing those who believe that the meek will inherit the earth, Coates inhabits a universe that is purely "physical, and its moral arc [is] bent toward chaos then concluded in a box" (28).

As a Christian and a theologian, I must part ways with Ta-Nehisi Coates at this juncture.  Though he has much to teach me about endemic racism, the social and physical conditions of urban poverty, the black diaspora, the shortcomings of the white Dream, and much more, I must (at the risk of being discarded as another privileged white oppressor) declare my belief in the possibility of reconciliation and transformation.  Christ's prayer for those who crucified him remind us today that the cycle of violence -- long though it may have lasted -- can grind to a halt through the power of forgiveness.  History is not condemned to be, as Coates believes, one long game of "king of the mountain" in which whites stand on top of the pile, shoving down black and brown pretenders to their throne.  In contrast to all of this stands the kenotic movement celebrated by Paul in Philippians 2, the master who washes his servants' feet, the black baptist preacher who instructs his followers to overcome hatred with love.

For though Coates' vitriol positively drips with righteous indignation, he never offers to me a convincing reason why I ought to share his outrage at injustice.  For if the world we inhabit really is mere chaos that ends in a box, for what reason might I consider surrendering my status as a white male?  If that's the game we're playing, then I will do what I will do, compelling others to serve my own purposes and making no apologies for doing so.  Coates either overlooks the danger of the oppressed becoming the oppressor or else he tacitly approves of it.  And it is this great struggle which provides Coates and his son with meaning and purpose in their lives.  In perhaps the most honest moment in this letter, the author states the conclusion that he is compelled to embrace: "Perhaps struggle is all we have because the god of history is an atheist, and nothing about this world is meant to be... These are the preferences of the universe itself: verbs over nouns, actions over states, struggle over hope" (71).  This is a profoundly dark and cynical perspective from which to advocate for "racial justice," one which effectively renders terms like "good," "true," "beautiful," and "just" devoid of any meaning beyond the personal and subjective.  And so I have every right to reject the author's idea of justice just as much as I might claim to dislike tomatoes.  Who is he to argue with me?  On what grounds will he convince me otherwise?

Thankfully, I believe in the God of Justice and Peace who provides content and definition to such ideas, enfleshed in his very body hung on a cross and resurrected.  Just as guns will one day be reforged into garden tools and just as the lion will one day lay down with the lamb, so too I cling to the hope that "one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls" and we will know peace.  This was Dr. King's dream.  One day we will all wake up to find that this reconciliation is the fabric with which this universe was woven all along.