"A warlike people who think life is not worth living if one cannot bear arms. They prefer death to peace, others prefer death to war." - Blaise Pascal
Will historians judge America as a nation which "prefers death to peace?" I cannot help but think that they will. It is time we admit that the other nations judge us correctly -- we are a militant people who take delight in fighting our "splendid little wars."
I, for one, prefer death to war. My rationale for such a stance is rooted in the resurrection. When I see my life as a vapor, a mist and look ahead to the day when the lion and the lamb will lay down beside one another, I renounce violence in all of its forms and prefer suffering over inflicting pain on the Other.
America, you ask me to make you a god, to swear my allegiance to you and your violent ways. You demand that I demonize my enemy and desensitize my conscience. You mask the destruction of innocent children as "collateral damage." You insist on another nation's "freedom" at gunpoint. You ask me to deny my Master who taught me that death is preferable to war. You ask me to take the life of one who bears the image of our maker and call it "patriotism." You idolize those who participate in such violence as "heroes."
Well, I will not play your game. I will not allow you to define my values. I serve a different God. I will not pledge allegiance to your flag; I will pledge my allegiance to the Lamb Who Was Slain -- the One who moves the stars in the skies and makes the mountains quake.
I pledge my allegiance to unconditional, eternal shalom which was from the beginning and shall be forevermore -- the love within the Trinity which never coerces, never destroys, and always invites.
Sunday, May 31, 2009
Saturday, May 23, 2009
Ethics of Habit
I'm reading an excellent book recommended to be by a former professor and friend. It is called "Improvisation: The Drama of Christian Ethics." In it, Samuel Wells argues, among other things, that virtue is first and foremost not a matter of learning to follow "the rules," but of inhabiting a story and learning to live in consistency with that story. Christian ethics are to be completely unique from the ethics of the world because we inhabit a narrative which is taught and guarded by the church alone.
In order to learn to inhabit the story properly, we must undergo training just as any athlete or solder or academic must go through training in order to excel at their objective. This training is long, slow, and arduous; it takes decades, not minutes. To illustrate this Wells shares this story:
"One day in the late 1950's, in an Edinburgh hospital, a child died tragically on an operating table. Later that week, two friends were talking over the sad events. One of the friends expressed sympathy for the surgeon involved, since he had expected an unexpected complication. The other, a colleague of the surgeon, strongly disagreed, in these words:
I think the man is to blame. If anybody had handed me ether instead of chloroform I would have known from the weight that it was the wrong thing. You see, I know the man well. We were students together at Aberdeen, and he could have become one of the finest surgeons in Europe if only he had given his mind to it. But he didn't. He was more interested in golf. So he just used to do enough work to pass his examinations and no more. And that is how he has lived his life -- just enough to get through, but no more; so he has never picked up those seemingly peripheral bits of knowledge that can one day be crucial. The other day in that theater a bit of "peripheral" knowledge was crucial and he didn't have it. But it wasn't the other day that he failed -- it was thirty-nine years ago, when he only gave himself half-heartedly to medicine."
I think this is a profound observation about what it means to live a moral life. It is not about making heroic decisions in the heat of the moment. It is not about figuring out what would be the right thing to do in some hypothetical situation in which two conflicting goods or evils must be weighed. Living the moral life is becoming a certain sort of person out of which moral actions will naturally flow without much thought. It is about establishing habits during the seemingly mundane moments of life -- changing diapers, cooking, cleaning, working, walking, talking -- which form us into a person who can inhabit the story properly.
I confess I have forgotten this. I've lived as though I'm in a sprint instead of a marathon. I want to make this day count.
In order to learn to inhabit the story properly, we must undergo training just as any athlete or solder or academic must go through training in order to excel at their objective. This training is long, slow, and arduous; it takes decades, not minutes. To illustrate this Wells shares this story:
"One day in the late 1950's, in an Edinburgh hospital, a child died tragically on an operating table. Later that week, two friends were talking over the sad events. One of the friends expressed sympathy for the surgeon involved, since he had expected an unexpected complication. The other, a colleague of the surgeon, strongly disagreed, in these words:
I think the man is to blame. If anybody had handed me ether instead of chloroform I would have known from the weight that it was the wrong thing. You see, I know the man well. We were students together at Aberdeen, and he could have become one of the finest surgeons in Europe if only he had given his mind to it. But he didn't. He was more interested in golf. So he just used to do enough work to pass his examinations and no more. And that is how he has lived his life -- just enough to get through, but no more; so he has never picked up those seemingly peripheral bits of knowledge that can one day be crucial. The other day in that theater a bit of "peripheral" knowledge was crucial and he didn't have it. But it wasn't the other day that he failed -- it was thirty-nine years ago, when he only gave himself half-heartedly to medicine."
I think this is a profound observation about what it means to live a moral life. It is not about making heroic decisions in the heat of the moment. It is not about figuring out what would be the right thing to do in some hypothetical situation in which two conflicting goods or evils must be weighed. Living the moral life is becoming a certain sort of person out of which moral actions will naturally flow without much thought. It is about establishing habits during the seemingly mundane moments of life -- changing diapers, cooking, cleaning, working, walking, talking -- which form us into a person who can inhabit the story properly.
I confess I have forgotten this. I've lived as though I'm in a sprint instead of a marathon. I want to make this day count.
Sunday, May 10, 2009
Saving Words
The Lord has rearranged my life this week. I hit bottom and was in the pit. I couldn't look up anymore and felt overwhelmed. But, thank God, I saw a little Episcopalian chapel, walked in, and prayed the evening prayers with the two priests who were there. As we prayed, I was struck by two verses which have now come to control me:
Psalm 27:13-14 Yet I am confident that I will see the LORD's goodness while I am here in the land of the living. Wait patiently for the LORD. Be brave and courageous. Yes, wait patiently for the LORD.
I have no profound theological insight for my blog at this point. I have nothing to offer at all. Except I wish to give witness to the fact that ancient words still speak and that God knows what we need to hear and when we need to hear it. I'm thankful for these simple words which I cling to like a life raft in the middle of the stormy sea.
Psalm 27:13-14 Yet I am confident that I will see the LORD's goodness while I am here in the land of the living. Wait patiently for the LORD. Be brave and courageous. Yes, wait patiently for the LORD.
I have no profound theological insight for my blog at this point. I have nothing to offer at all. Except I wish to give witness to the fact that ancient words still speak and that God knows what we need to hear and when we need to hear it. I'm thankful for these simple words which I cling to like a life raft in the middle of the stormy sea.
Monday, April 20, 2009
Letter Concerning Evangelism
Recently on a Facebook thread I made the accusation that many evangelicals have an "ulterior motive" in many of their friendships. By relating to others simply for the reason of converting them, I believe we cheapen the gospel, salvation, and the mission of Christ. A good friend of mine has challenged me on this view recently and I would like to share an e-mail that I sent to him which attempts to explain more completely my position on evangelism. The conversation has become somewhat heated in the past, but I've tried to keep myself calm as I respond. Here is the letter:
----
Thank you, {Friend}. Your letter helps clear up some things. I never mind being questioned and challenged pointedly. That is all part of being called to lead the church in pastoral ministry. I want to be perfectly clear:
1) I still believe in proclaiming the gospel with words and in trying to "convert" non-believers. I preach the gospel each week and make no apology for doing so. Just last weekend I spent my entire time with the Greenville FMY in Potosi, MO. You can ask Greg Groves if he thinks I have misrepresented the gospel after my four sermons to their group. I think I declared it loudly and clearly (an unapologetically).
2) I react negatively to Christians who seem incapable of loving people simply for the sake of loving them. Much of the evangelism I was brought up in reduced people to "projects." Salvation is diluted into a formula which says, at it's heart, "If you want to get your butt into heaven, then you need to pray this prayer" (aka "say the magic words"). My soteriology leads me to conclude that this is a far cry from the call to discipleship that Jesus gave.
3) I agree with St. Francis: "Preach the gospel at all times and, if necessary, use words." I think our post-Enlightenment, modernistic culture has overvalued propositional statements and the verbal communication of those statements almost to the point that "evangelism," when boiled down to its basic essence, is merely the insemination of knowledge. This is the ancient gnostic heresy. Instead, I believe the gospel is mysteriously communicated sometimes simply through a helping hand, a warm meal, or a smile. I am sick and tired of the church telling me to damage my relationships with other human beings by guiltily jamming doctrines down their throat when they are not yet ready for it.
4) Evangelism must always answer the question people are asking. If I were to simply tell my alcoholic friends that they must accept a list of orthodox doctrines, pray a prayer, etc., then I would not be answering the question that they are asking. They desire to know how to be free of their addiction and, according to Luke, a physical healing is also a spiritual one. It is the hyper-spiritualized gospel of modern evangelicalism which bifurcates the body from the soul -- a dichotomy that would have been foreign to the authors of the Bible.
5) I do not intend my comments to be mean-spirited, but to simply stir up a conversation about the following questions: "What is the gospel? What is salvation? Is it merely getting into heaven or does it involve individual/societal transformation in the here and now? And by what means do we spread this good news?" {Friend}, I have spent the last three years of my life trying to answer these questions. I have taken graduate courses in missiology and soteriology. I'm not making a flippant, thoughtless accusation. Instead I believe I should call the truth as I see it and I see many modern evangelistic methods as doing more harm than good.
6) I think the main question for you and I to answer is this: "What is salvation?" The answer to that question will largely determine our methods of spreading it.
7) I have never desired to be an apologist for the Democratic party and I would hate to think I could ever alienate someone from Christ because of my political views. I do, however, think that the gospel holds political implications just as John Wesley, B. T. Roberts, and many others from our tradition have maintained.
I could write so much more, but this will serve as a starter for this conversation. In short, I accuse some evangelicals of having an ulterior motive in relationship because that is what I once had in many of my relationships during high school. I think this resulted in damage to the cause of Christ. Do I want my friends to come to know Christ as their personal Lord and Savior? Of course I do! But I do not think that is accomplished by reducing people into projects. Perhaps this clears some things up.
With Love and Respect,
Greg
----
Thank you, {Friend}. Your letter helps clear up some things. I never mind being questioned and challenged pointedly. That is all part of being called to lead the church in pastoral ministry. I want to be perfectly clear:
1) I still believe in proclaiming the gospel with words and in trying to "convert" non-believers. I preach the gospel each week and make no apology for doing so. Just last weekend I spent my entire time with the Greenville FMY in Potosi, MO. You can ask Greg Groves if he thinks I have misrepresented the gospel after my four sermons to their group. I think I declared it loudly and clearly (an unapologetically).
2) I react negatively to Christians who seem incapable of loving people simply for the sake of loving them. Much of the evangelism I was brought up in reduced people to "projects." Salvation is diluted into a formula which says, at it's heart, "If you want to get your butt into heaven, then you need to pray this prayer" (aka "say the magic words"). My soteriology leads me to conclude that this is a far cry from the call to discipleship that Jesus gave.
3) I agree with St. Francis: "Preach the gospel at all times and, if necessary, use words." I think our post-Enlightenment, modernistic culture has overvalued propositional statements and the verbal communication of those statements almost to the point that "evangelism," when boiled down to its basic essence, is merely the insemination of knowledge. This is the ancient gnostic heresy. Instead, I believe the gospel is mysteriously communicated sometimes simply through a helping hand, a warm meal, or a smile. I am sick and tired of the church telling me to damage my relationships with other human beings by guiltily jamming doctrines down their throat when they are not yet ready for it.
4) Evangelism must always answer the question people are asking. If I were to simply tell my alcoholic friends that they must accept a list of orthodox doctrines, pray a prayer, etc., then I would not be answering the question that they are asking. They desire to know how to be free of their addiction and, according to Luke, a physical healing is also a spiritual one. It is the hyper-spiritualized gospel of modern evangelicalism which bifurcates the body from the soul -- a dichotomy that would have been foreign to the authors of the Bible.
5) I do not intend my comments to be mean-spirited, but to simply stir up a conversation about the following questions: "What is the gospel? What is salvation? Is it merely getting into heaven or does it involve individual/societal transformation in the here and now? And by what means do we spread this good news?" {Friend}, I have spent the last three years of my life trying to answer these questions. I have taken graduate courses in missiology and soteriology. I'm not making a flippant, thoughtless accusation. Instead I believe I should call the truth as I see it and I see many modern evangelistic methods as doing more harm than good.
6) I think the main question for you and I to answer is this: "What is salvation?" The answer to that question will largely determine our methods of spreading it.
7) I have never desired to be an apologist for the Democratic party and I would hate to think I could ever alienate someone from Christ because of my political views. I do, however, think that the gospel holds political implications just as John Wesley, B. T. Roberts, and many others from our tradition have maintained.
I could write so much more, but this will serve as a starter for this conversation. In short, I accuse some evangelicals of having an ulterior motive in relationship because that is what I once had in many of my relationships during high school. I think this resulted in damage to the cause of Christ. Do I want my friends to come to know Christ as their personal Lord and Savior? Of course I do! But I do not think that is accomplished by reducing people into projects. Perhaps this clears some things up.
With Love and Respect,
Greg
Wednesday, April 8, 2009
Danny
Twice in the last two weeks Danny has been found sprawled out on the steps of our church. The first time I found him, I walked up and asked if I could help him with anything. It was immediately obvious to me that he was very, very intoxicated. I tried to help him to his feet, but had to catch him in my arms when he nearly fell over.
How can I describe Danny? He has a face thick with grime. He only has a few teeth remaining. When Danny speaks, he sounds almost inhuman -- more like a machine; it is deep, raspy, and broken. The only part of his body which does not display the ravages of his alcoholism are his eyes -- which remain childish and innocent. In his drunken stupor, Danny showed me his many scars and broken bones. His lower legs have the thickness of a T-ball bat.
After about 15 minutes of conversation, I finally pieced together where Danny lives. As I helped him into my car, I must admit I was concerned about the filth of his clothes and the stench of his body infecting my passenger's seat. What a stupid thing to be worried about!
In a few minutes, we were in his measly little apartment. It was a dark, musty single room with a mattress in one corner and a toilet in the other. Fast food wrappers where interspersed on the floor with empty liquor bottles. Danny instructed me to never take a bath while being drunk 'cause you could drown yourself. "Always take a shower!" he warned me through his intoxication. He constantly repeated nonsensical things like "I'm your best friend, not your worst enemy" and "I went through the windshield when I hit that man on the street... it's ironic, man, ironic!"
I don't know quite what to think about this encounter. I'm still processing what I ought to learn from Danny. For now I offer these initial thoughts:
1) I hate alcohol and what it does to people. I understand the impulse of our forefathers to advocate for prohibition (even though it failed miserably).
2) I don't really know what salvation would look like for Danny or how to get him there. I don't know how I can even start to help him in a lasting way.
3) I'm temped to judge him, but remember that but for the grace of God, I would be in the very same situation. When I look into Danny's eyes, I see myself without Christ.
4) Danny, for all of his failures, has still been created in the image of God. There is a mystical connection between Danny and Jesus Christ. I meet Jesus in Danny.
5) I'm convinced that Danny is exactly the sort of person that the Free Methodists were created to reach. We have abandoned the Dannys of this world; they need us and we need them.
I'm sure other lessons are yet to be learned from my friend. In the meantime, I pray for him and for his liberation.
How can I describe Danny? He has a face thick with grime. He only has a few teeth remaining. When Danny speaks, he sounds almost inhuman -- more like a machine; it is deep, raspy, and broken. The only part of his body which does not display the ravages of his alcoholism are his eyes -- which remain childish and innocent. In his drunken stupor, Danny showed me his many scars and broken bones. His lower legs have the thickness of a T-ball bat.
After about 15 minutes of conversation, I finally pieced together where Danny lives. As I helped him into my car, I must admit I was concerned about the filth of his clothes and the stench of his body infecting my passenger's seat. What a stupid thing to be worried about!
In a few minutes, we were in his measly little apartment. It was a dark, musty single room with a mattress in one corner and a toilet in the other. Fast food wrappers where interspersed on the floor with empty liquor bottles. Danny instructed me to never take a bath while being drunk 'cause you could drown yourself. "Always take a shower!" he warned me through his intoxication. He constantly repeated nonsensical things like "I'm your best friend, not your worst enemy" and "I went through the windshield when I hit that man on the street... it's ironic, man, ironic!"
I don't know quite what to think about this encounter. I'm still processing what I ought to learn from Danny. For now I offer these initial thoughts:
1) I hate alcohol and what it does to people. I understand the impulse of our forefathers to advocate for prohibition (even though it failed miserably).
2) I don't really know what salvation would look like for Danny or how to get him there. I don't know how I can even start to help him in a lasting way.
3) I'm temped to judge him, but remember that but for the grace of God, I would be in the very same situation. When I look into Danny's eyes, I see myself without Christ.
4) Danny, for all of his failures, has still been created in the image of God. There is a mystical connection between Danny and Jesus Christ. I meet Jesus in Danny.
5) I'm convinced that Danny is exactly the sort of person that the Free Methodists were created to reach. We have abandoned the Dannys of this world; they need us and we need them.
I'm sure other lessons are yet to be learned from my friend. In the meantime, I pray for him and for his liberation.
Thursday, March 19, 2009
Dialogue Concerning Universal Healthcare
I'm having an interesting discussion with an old friend over universal healthcare. I am in favor and he is opposed. I thought I would share some of this because it is very interesting.
ME:
Friend, I would be very interested in knowing how you would deal with the following situation: I have a woman in my church who is dying of cancer, but she cannot afford the treatments. How do you propose this problem should be dealt with?
FRIEND:
Greg, I know your in the middle of a low income area and you provide a vital role in that neighborhood. But the government just is not the answer for the poor. People like you are the answer. People who give out of the goodness of their heart. It is the responsibility of the church to provide for the poor, not the government. How is it just to forcibly take income from people and redistribute it to other people? When I was on staff everyone always was shocked how low welfare payments are. I constantly had to remind people that people on welfare also receive food stamps, Medicaid, child care and rent subsidies. When you factor these things in, the welfare they receive is just spending $. As for the person you are talking about with cancer you should look at a few things. First you should look at the government programs that are available. But if the person is not elderly and has no children then they are not going to qualify for Medicaid. There might be a program for those that are uninsurable. To qualify for that people typically have to demonstrate that they have been turned down for insurance due to their medical condition. The last thing I would recommend is to check with local hospitals about their charity care policies. Almost all hospitals have programs that offer free or reduced care for the poor. This is especially true of not-for-profit hospitals that have to demonstrate that status for their tax exemption. Anyway, that's my recommendation.
ME:
Friend, thanks for the suggestions. I agree that ultimately the poor do not need more money thrown at them. They need good role models and a revival of their values. This will only happen if Christians are willing to leave their lives of comfort and join in incarnational ministry among the poor. I have no issues with my fellow inner city missionaries who are fiscally conservative. I do, however, have major issues with fiscal conservatives who do not build relationships with the poor. Christ clearly teaches us that this must be a top priority if we are to be his followers.
I will respectfully disagree with you on matters of policy. Back when you knew me in high school, I was in total agreement with you. My experiences among the poor have changed my perspective (we are all shaped by our context). I now see the systemic nature of poverty and believe it requires a systemic solution. The church simply does not have the resources to be a safety net for the poor. The church can't even pay me a full time salary, let alone pay for someone's huge medical bill. I will look into the hospital charities that you mention, but we constantly find people like this turned away because of how expensive the procedure is and because of their pre-existing conditions. The woman I refer to has fallen through the cracks and does not quality for medicare or other government assistance programs. It is because I live in solidarity with the poor that I advocate for universal healthcare. Our nation can afford it. It's a shame we won't provide such a basic need for those who are on the margins of our society. As clearly indicated by the Old Testament, God judges the goodness of a society based upon how well it cares for those who cannot care for themselves -- the widow, the orphan, the alien, and the poor.
I fear sometimes that our compassion for the needy has been trumped by a non-Biblical economic and political ideology. There are places where the Bible clearly parts with Adam Smith. And I will side with the Bible.
Grace and Peace,
Greg
ME:
Friend, I would be very interested in knowing how you would deal with the following situation: I have a woman in my church who is dying of cancer, but she cannot afford the treatments. How do you propose this problem should be dealt with?
FRIEND:
Greg, I know your in the middle of a low income area and you provide a vital role in that neighborhood. But the government just is not the answer for the poor. People like you are the answer. People who give out of the goodness of their heart. It is the responsibility of the church to provide for the poor, not the government. How is it just to forcibly take income from people and redistribute it to other people? When I was on staff everyone always was shocked how low welfare payments are. I constantly had to remind people that people on welfare also receive food stamps, Medicaid, child care and rent subsidies. When you factor these things in, the welfare they receive is just spending $. As for the person you are talking about with cancer you should look at a few things. First you should look at the government programs that are available. But if the person is not elderly and has no children then they are not going to qualify for Medicaid. There might be a program for those that are uninsurable. To qualify for that people typically have to demonstrate that they have been turned down for insurance due to their medical condition. The last thing I would recommend is to check with local hospitals about their charity care policies. Almost all hospitals have programs that offer free or reduced care for the poor. This is especially true of not-for-profit hospitals that have to demonstrate that status for their tax exemption. Anyway, that's my recommendation.
ME:
Friend, thanks for the suggestions. I agree that ultimately the poor do not need more money thrown at them. They need good role models and a revival of their values. This will only happen if Christians are willing to leave their lives of comfort and join in incarnational ministry among the poor. I have no issues with my fellow inner city missionaries who are fiscally conservative. I do, however, have major issues with fiscal conservatives who do not build relationships with the poor. Christ clearly teaches us that this must be a top priority if we are to be his followers.
I will respectfully disagree with you on matters of policy. Back when you knew me in high school, I was in total agreement with you. My experiences among the poor have changed my perspective (we are all shaped by our context). I now see the systemic nature of poverty and believe it requires a systemic solution. The church simply does not have the resources to be a safety net for the poor. The church can't even pay me a full time salary, let alone pay for someone's huge medical bill. I will look into the hospital charities that you mention, but we constantly find people like this turned away because of how expensive the procedure is and because of their pre-existing conditions. The woman I refer to has fallen through the cracks and does not quality for medicare or other government assistance programs. It is because I live in solidarity with the poor that I advocate for universal healthcare. Our nation can afford it. It's a shame we won't provide such a basic need for those who are on the margins of our society. As clearly indicated by the Old Testament, God judges the goodness of a society based upon how well it cares for those who cannot care for themselves -- the widow, the orphan, the alien, and the poor.
I fear sometimes that our compassion for the needy has been trumped by a non-Biblical economic and political ideology. There are places where the Bible clearly parts with Adam Smith. And I will side with the Bible.
Grace and Peace,
Greg
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Where Do I Even Start?
I've been sitting on my front porch this evening because it is the first day of the year to hit over 70 degrees. As I sat in silence, I could overhear my neighbors screaming at one another at the top of their lungs. One woman's voice was so hoarse, it was obvious to me that she has spent her entire life screaming. Between the three or four uses of "motherf***in'" every sentence, I could make out that she was very angry at someone and was threatening to kill her. At one point she grew extra hostile and screamed, "Can you f***in' pray for me? I need someone to f***in' pray for me cause God told me I was gonna f***in' kill some motherf***er someday and that I was going to spend the rest of my f***in' life in jail." She screamed this with greater violence and vitriol than she had screamed her threats.
I immediately went into prayer. But I must confess I hardly even know how to pray. This situation seems so hopeless and so lost. Here I've moved my family into this neighborhood so that we could make a difference in the lives of people like this, but I just don't know the first thing to do with such chaos and hatred. I don't even know where to start. How does a church reach such a person? How could God possibly use this white boy from Illinois to help her? It's like I've entered a huge board game and been told that I need to win, but I don't even know the rules. Sure, I'll pray for her, but I don't know where to start in building a relationship.
All I know tonight is that I now believe in demons. I believe in them because I hear them screaming outside of my window every night. All I can do is cry out to God and hope that He knows what to do 'cause this young pastor doesn't know how to save his parish.
I immediately went into prayer. But I must confess I hardly even know how to pray. This situation seems so hopeless and so lost. Here I've moved my family into this neighborhood so that we could make a difference in the lives of people like this, but I just don't know the first thing to do with such chaos and hatred. I don't even know where to start. How does a church reach such a person? How could God possibly use this white boy from Illinois to help her? It's like I've entered a huge board game and been told that I need to win, but I don't even know the rules. Sure, I'll pray for her, but I don't know where to start in building a relationship.
All I know tonight is that I now believe in demons. I believe in them because I hear them screaming outside of my window every night. All I can do is cry out to God and hope that He knows what to do 'cause this young pastor doesn't know how to save his parish.
All Dogs DO Go to Heaven
What people believe about the end of the story has direct impact on how they live now. Some people believe that the end is death – eternal nothingness when the universe will implode in upon itself. Others, like myself, believe that the end is life – an eternal existence of harmony when all of creation will be redeemed. And although all Christians side with the latter, they disagree drastically on what that end will look like. At the risk of oversimplificaiton, I will divide these Christians into two groups:
1)The first group believes that the end will go something like this: Christ will call his people away from the earth and will invite those people into his other-worldly kingdom in the sky. The earth will then be consumed by fire and be destroyed. A new creation will exist in which we will all be non-material “spirit,” free floating in the air with a disembodied existence. The evil of matter will be eliminated for good.
2)The second group, also Christian, sees the end like this: Christ will return to earth and establish his kingdom on the earth. The resurrection will consist of physical bodies which have been reconstituted and “redeemed” as something incorruptible. The earth itself will not be destroyed by fire, but will instead be the seat of the new heaven. In this view, matter is not seen as evil, but as good and simply in need of redemption. (Incidentally, since all of creation will be redeemed, this means that yes, all dogs DO go to heaven).
Without going into too much detail, the first view is deeply indebted to the Greek philosopher Plato who taught that matter is evil and that spirit is good. Heaven then, Christians concluded, must be a non-material reality. Hence, we have a whole spirituality which teaches the denial of the flesh, an “other-worldly” piety, and which devalues the present creation. After all, why be an environmentalist if it is all going to burn? Furthermore, it creates a sharp separation between a person's “soul” and “body.” The soul will live on and is, therefore, much more important. The body will be destroyed and is unimportant.
This has implications on how we live today. If the body doesn't matter, then why care for the physical needs of others? If the only thing that lasts is a non-material, disembodied soul, then all Christians ought to care about is “saving souls.” Feeding physical bodies, clothing physical bodies, sheltering physical bodies, and caring for a material creation is unimportant since they will all pass away.
However, if the second view is accepted (as I do), then care for the physical aspects of creation, both human and non-human, has eternal consequences. In this view, humans do not HAVE a soul; humans ARE a soul. Care for the physical needs of a person is just as important as caring for spiritual needs since they are interconnected. Care for the ecosystem has eternal worth since we are participating in the ultimate redemption of the planet which God will eventually accomplish. Even matters of exercise and eating properly take on great importance since Greg Coates is going to live in Greg Coates' body forever. Whereas the former view devalues this present life, the latter view emphasizes the sanctity of this life and the continuity between our lives now and our lives then.
This has implications for the entire Christian life and the mission of the church in the world today. The reason that the church has been so opposed to the “green” movement over the 20th century is because they have bought into the theology of Plato rather than the theology of the Bible. The same goes for the social justice movement. I write this note to encourage my Christian friends to think seriously about what they believe about the end of the story and to embrace the goodness of this present life and this present creation. Christians from the beginning have believed in the resurrection of the body. Let's carry on that tradition.
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Hell
The doctrine of hell repulses me. It ought to repulse anyone who has half a conscience. After all, some rather unsympathetic types in this world support putting human beings to death for certain crimes, but almost no one would support the idea of relentlessly and unceasingly torturing an individual human being for years and years on end. Most people wouldn't wish that on even Adolf Hitler or Osama bin Laden. But hell, it is taught, is precisely this torment except that it never ends.
Why, then, does a good God cast people into hell? How does this fit with the picture of a loving, patient, redeeming God who is even willing to suffer for the sake of his children? I would like to try to answer that question briefly -- and to offer the only satisfactory account of hell that I can accept.
1) The metaphors used in the Scriptures to describe hell are exactly that -- metaphors. I do not think we can literally believe in a "lake of fire." These were images used by the authors of the Bible to poetically teach us about the nature of hell; it is a place of suffering. That is, You don't want to go there! Moving beyond this moral exhortation into physically mapping out the contours of hell goes beyond the agenda of Scripture.
2) Hell is rooted in the doctrine of free will. If we believe that free, autonomous moral agents can truly make a choice between good and evil, then hell must be a possibility. In other words, hell is that place where free humans perpetually say "no" to good and God and perpetually say "yes" to their own evil impulses. God allows us the freedom here on earth to choose the way of the cross and self-sacrificial love or to choose to make ourselves God. Hell is that place where each individual is his/her own God and the result of this is chaos and an inability to relate to one another in peace. For many, hell begins before death.
3) C. S. Lewis paints this picture. Imagine a man who benefits from the suffering of others for the duration of his life. He revels in his power, feels no sympathy for those he has ruined in order to attain it, and mocks standard moral norms as being merely the 'opiate of the masses.' Sudanese President Bashir comes to mind. In a world in which a loving and just God wishes to redeem all of creation in such a way that man, nature, and God exist in perfect harmony with one another such a tyrant like Bashir simply cannot continue to be what he is and "fit" in heaven. Either he must change to conform to the rules of heaven or be an outcast. For such a man, "what destiny in the eternal world can you regard as proper for him? Can you really desire that such a man remaining what he is (and he must be able to do that if he has free will) should be confirmed forever in his present happiness -- should continue, for all eternity, to be perfectly convinced that the laugh is on his side?" And so the decision is his. He can change his ways ("repent") and become compatible with heaven or remain as he is and be incompatible with heaven. Which leads me to my next (and maybe most controversial) point...
4) Ultimately God does not cast people into hell. Rather, God says to individuals after years and years of rebellion, "So be it. I will give you what you want. You want to be your own God. I will give you a place where you can be your own God." To paraphrase my favorite book (The Great Divorce), heaven is where we say to God "Thy will be done" and hell is where God says to us "Thy will be done." Thus, in one sense God DOES cast people into hell because He gives the free moral agents what they have been asking for all along. But in another sense, people choose to send themselves to hell.
5) But, someone might object, "Why would anyone choose to go to hell?" To this I answer: "People do it all the time right in front of our eyes." People choose to fly into a rage at their spouse even though they know this will make them into hellish creatures. People choose to medicate their ills with heroine even though they know it will eventually destroy them. People choose to harbor hatred and envy in their hearts for others even though they know that it is incompatible with the law of love. In short, people choose evil over good because there is an element of pleasure involved. If evil weren't fun, no one would ever do it. And so hell is a place where there will be a slight amount of pleasure. But it will be a pathetic, weak, fleeting pleasure that does not satisfy. Heaven, of course, is the opposite -- it offers full, robust, exhilarating pleasure, a pleasure of intimacy with the Trinity which Christians have always called "joy." It is the difference between the young man who looks at porn for a brief moment of sexual ecstasy and the young man who drinks of the depths and wonders of love making with a partner who intimately knows him. Both offer a sort of pleasure, but one will last and the other is a thin veneer of pleasure which will soon lose its appeal.
6) My understanding of hell is contingent upon my understanding of heaven. I believe heaven is this: perfect, harmonious relationship between the Creator and all that he has created. As anyone who has ever been in a deep relationship of any kind knows, relating requires a certain amount of selflessness. Peace and harmony cannot exist otherwise. This is written into the eternal laws of the universe. Thus, if we are all to become inhabitants of a land of perfect harmony, then we must conform to the mold of selflessness. Hell, on the other hand, is a place where relationship becomes impossible because each individual folds in upon themselves. In his book Flatlanders, Sir Edwin Abbot describes a "point" which believes that itself is all that exists. It does not comprehend relationship. This is the ultimate destiny of those who refuse to relate -- they will be left alone, completely and utterly alone forever.
Does this view of hell satisfy me? No, not entirely. I still find the doctrine of hell detestable. But it does, at least in my mind, preserve the goodness and justice of God. I picture a God who woos and pursues humans unceasingly, but ultimately will not force himself on anyone. Hell is, in my mind, a fact that must exist due to the very nature of free will. Humans have fashioned hell for themselves and the "doors of hell are locked from the inside."
Why, then, does a good God cast people into hell? How does this fit with the picture of a loving, patient, redeeming God who is even willing to suffer for the sake of his children? I would like to try to answer that question briefly -- and to offer the only satisfactory account of hell that I can accept.
1) The metaphors used in the Scriptures to describe hell are exactly that -- metaphors. I do not think we can literally believe in a "lake of fire." These were images used by the authors of the Bible to poetically teach us about the nature of hell; it is a place of suffering. That is, You don't want to go there! Moving beyond this moral exhortation into physically mapping out the contours of hell goes beyond the agenda of Scripture.
2) Hell is rooted in the doctrine of free will. If we believe that free, autonomous moral agents can truly make a choice between good and evil, then hell must be a possibility. In other words, hell is that place where free humans perpetually say "no" to good and God and perpetually say "yes" to their own evil impulses. God allows us the freedom here on earth to choose the way of the cross and self-sacrificial love or to choose to make ourselves God. Hell is that place where each individual is his/her own God and the result of this is chaos and an inability to relate to one another in peace. For many, hell begins before death.
3) C. S. Lewis paints this picture. Imagine a man who benefits from the suffering of others for the duration of his life. He revels in his power, feels no sympathy for those he has ruined in order to attain it, and mocks standard moral norms as being merely the 'opiate of the masses.' Sudanese President Bashir comes to mind. In a world in which a loving and just God wishes to redeem all of creation in such a way that man, nature, and God exist in perfect harmony with one another such a tyrant like Bashir simply cannot continue to be what he is and "fit" in heaven. Either he must change to conform to the rules of heaven or be an outcast. For such a man, "what destiny in the eternal world can you regard as proper for him? Can you really desire that such a man remaining what he is (and he must be able to do that if he has free will) should be confirmed forever in his present happiness -- should continue, for all eternity, to be perfectly convinced that the laugh is on his side?" And so the decision is his. He can change his ways ("repent") and become compatible with heaven or remain as he is and be incompatible with heaven. Which leads me to my next (and maybe most controversial) point...
4) Ultimately God does not cast people into hell. Rather, God says to individuals after years and years of rebellion, "So be it. I will give you what you want. You want to be your own God. I will give you a place where you can be your own God." To paraphrase my favorite book (The Great Divorce), heaven is where we say to God "Thy will be done" and hell is where God says to us "Thy will be done." Thus, in one sense God DOES cast people into hell because He gives the free moral agents what they have been asking for all along. But in another sense, people choose to send themselves to hell.
5) But, someone might object, "Why would anyone choose to go to hell?" To this I answer: "People do it all the time right in front of our eyes." People choose to fly into a rage at their spouse even though they know this will make them into hellish creatures. People choose to medicate their ills with heroine even though they know it will eventually destroy them. People choose to harbor hatred and envy in their hearts for others even though they know that it is incompatible with the law of love. In short, people choose evil over good because there is an element of pleasure involved. If evil weren't fun, no one would ever do it. And so hell is a place where there will be a slight amount of pleasure. But it will be a pathetic, weak, fleeting pleasure that does not satisfy. Heaven, of course, is the opposite -- it offers full, robust, exhilarating pleasure, a pleasure of intimacy with the Trinity which Christians have always called "joy." It is the difference between the young man who looks at porn for a brief moment of sexual ecstasy and the young man who drinks of the depths and wonders of love making with a partner who intimately knows him. Both offer a sort of pleasure, but one will last and the other is a thin veneer of pleasure which will soon lose its appeal.
6) My understanding of hell is contingent upon my understanding of heaven. I believe heaven is this: perfect, harmonious relationship between the Creator and all that he has created. As anyone who has ever been in a deep relationship of any kind knows, relating requires a certain amount of selflessness. Peace and harmony cannot exist otherwise. This is written into the eternal laws of the universe. Thus, if we are all to become inhabitants of a land of perfect harmony, then we must conform to the mold of selflessness. Hell, on the other hand, is a place where relationship becomes impossible because each individual folds in upon themselves. In his book Flatlanders, Sir Edwin Abbot describes a "point" which believes that itself is all that exists. It does not comprehend relationship. This is the ultimate destiny of those who refuse to relate -- they will be left alone, completely and utterly alone forever.
Does this view of hell satisfy me? No, not entirely. I still find the doctrine of hell detestable. But it does, at least in my mind, preserve the goodness and justice of God. I picture a God who woos and pursues humans unceasingly, but ultimately will not force himself on anyone. Hell is, in my mind, a fact that must exist due to the very nature of free will. Humans have fashioned hell for themselves and the "doors of hell are locked from the inside."
Monday, March 2, 2009
Cords of Death
David cried out to God:
"The cords of death entangled me; the torrents of destruction overwhelmed me. The cords of the grave coiled around me; the snares of death confronted me. In my distress I called to the LORD; I cried to my God for help." - Psalm 18:4-6
I just need to get it out. I feel as though I am drowning. These are my cords of death:
1) Family members who reject Christ and his ways.
2) A teenage girl in my church who gets hit by her drunken father.
3) Fellow pastors in my city who seem to care nothing for the poor.
4) Daughters who are ill and cry out all through the night.
5) Long hours, no recognition, and low pay.
6) The inability to afford a membership to the YMCA.
7) Imprisonment to sin and powerlessness to live a life of holiness before God.
8) The poor whom I try to serve offering no thanks and instead pronouncing insults.
9) Exchanging the comfort and safety of Wilmore, Kentucky for the near eastside.
10) Gunshots at night.
11) Two women in my church who hate one another and refuse to be reconciled.
12) Pharisees who prevent hungry people from finding the bread of life.
13) Underfunded and understaffed programs.
14) The need for marital counseling but no time or money for it.
15) The desire to just "get away" but no place to go.
16) A chaotic and messy house.
17) An unhealthy dependence upon soda, candy, and fatty foods to medicate my depression.
18) Sermons, board meetings, networking with community organizations, balancing budgets, fundraising, exegeting, visiting, casting vision, planning events, counseling, recruiting, managing staff, quizmastering, lesson planning, updating websites, delegating, peacemaking...
19) Darkness inside, emptiness, weariness, silence from God.
20) Mice in my food pantry.
"In my distress I called to the LORD; I cried to my God for help."
I cry to you now, God.
"The cords of death entangled me; the torrents of destruction overwhelmed me. The cords of the grave coiled around me; the snares of death confronted me. In my distress I called to the LORD; I cried to my God for help." - Psalm 18:4-6
I just need to get it out. I feel as though I am drowning. These are my cords of death:
1) Family members who reject Christ and his ways.
2) A teenage girl in my church who gets hit by her drunken father.
3) Fellow pastors in my city who seem to care nothing for the poor.
4) Daughters who are ill and cry out all through the night.
5) Long hours, no recognition, and low pay.
6) The inability to afford a membership to the YMCA.
7) Imprisonment to sin and powerlessness to live a life of holiness before God.
8) The poor whom I try to serve offering no thanks and instead pronouncing insults.
9) Exchanging the comfort and safety of Wilmore, Kentucky for the near eastside.
10) Gunshots at night.
11) Two women in my church who hate one another and refuse to be reconciled.
12) Pharisees who prevent hungry people from finding the bread of life.
13) Underfunded and understaffed programs.
14) The need for marital counseling but no time or money for it.
15) The desire to just "get away" but no place to go.
16) A chaotic and messy house.
17) An unhealthy dependence upon soda, candy, and fatty foods to medicate my depression.
18) Sermons, board meetings, networking with community organizations, balancing budgets, fundraising, exegeting, visiting, casting vision, planning events, counseling, recruiting, managing staff, quizmastering, lesson planning, updating websites, delegating, peacemaking...
19) Darkness inside, emptiness, weariness, silence from God.
20) Mice in my food pantry.
"In my distress I called to the LORD; I cried to my God for help."
I cry to you now, God.
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